Density Differentiation in Planetary Formation

Astrobiology students are studying planetary formation through the principle of density differentiation, which explains how planets develop distinct layers as they form. In the early molten stages of a planet, heavier elements like iron sink to the center, while lighter materials such as silicates rise to the surface, creating a core, mantle, and crust with varying compositions.

To better understand this concept, students created models simulating the density differentiation process. They selected materials of different densities, measured proportions for each planetary layer, and assemble them in a clear bottle. By shaking the bottle to mix the materials and then allowing them to settle, students observed the separation into layers based on density.